Same reason why you have large diameter front element in a lense. That is the size of filter screw provided in front of the lense, and is proportionate to the diameter of the lense front element. Using a mall filter will interfere with light entering the lense front. It will vignette the edges.
Just look at the back side of the lens cap. It indicates what size filter is required. Using a smaller filter, the edge of the filter will be in the frame. Why diff sizes. It's just how the lens is made.