There's a couple of options to check to see where the issue may lie;
Menu > Playback Menu > Playback Folder
If it's set to 'current' then it will only display pictures from the folder it's saving to (see below about this)
If it's set to 'all' it should display all pictures on the card (assuming there are pictures on the camera (which you say there are, as you can see them on your PC))
Menu > Custom Settings > (d3) File Number Sequence
If this is set to 'off' everytime you insert a new card into the camera, it creates a new folder (eg. 100D5100, 101D5100, etc) and pictures you take are named 0001, 0002, 0003 etc etc
If it's set to 'on' then file numbering continues from the last picture number irrelevant of the number (except if you've taken 9999 pictures, at which time it will start over again)
So.... a new folder will have zero pictures in it if you format a new card, or the camera creates a new folder - and if the display option is only for the current folder, then you will see nothing until you take some pictures
Just out of curiousity.. what are the folders called on your card?