Quick question for you Jake...I don't yet have the Nik Collection. When you say that you apply color filters in Silver Efex Pro 2, is that similar to what Photoshop Elements offers? Sadly I found out that Elements offers the ability to apply color filters while PCC 2014 doesn't (or at least I haven't yet found it).
Last things first, in CC 2014 you can apply photo filters as adjustment layers :
Layers -> New Adjustment Layer -> Photo Filter, or just click on the camera with a filter icon in the
Add An Adjustment panel...
As for it acting similarly to these filters in Silver Efex Pro, the answer is "Yes, but not exactly". Silver Efex Pro's conversion to B&W is like the Lightroom and Photoshop conversion to Grayscale where it is not merely a desaturation but they apply some measured color luminosity curve to the conversion (they differ slightly). Unlike Photoshop, however, once the conversion is made, Silver Efex Pro will allow the addition of a colored filter to the conversion process and allow you to manipulate it dynamically as a part of your edit.
In PS you would need to apply the filter at a given strength and then do your Grayscale conversion, and if you didn't like it you need to undo the Mode change (which also collapses all your other edits) do your filter tweak and reconvert, going back and forth until you are happy with it (once you go to Grayscale the Photo Filter adjustment is no longer available).
You could, instead, simply use a Hue/Saturation layer adjustment to desaturate the full color image and then apply one or multiple Photo Filter layer adjustments between the image layer and the desaturation layer, which would act much like the multiple Hue/Saturation layer conversion method I did the blog on a while ago, with each added Photo Filter acting like a tweek to the lower Hue/Saturation layer in that exercise. The additive effect of the filters is likely far less pleasing or controllable than the H/S method and I wouldn't recommend it as an alternative.